The Impact Of Media On Child Development - 1510 Words

Violence has progressively increased in the past decades, at an alarming rate in the United States. The top three leading causes between adolescent and youths are unintentional injury (accidents), homicide and suicide according to the World Health Organization. Media and entertainment play a huge part in child development, as technology has seemed to overpower today’s generation. Nearly, forty percent of the human populations have access to an Internet connection at home via any device type and connection, when in 1995; it was less than one percent. The first billion internet users were reached in 2005, the second in 2010 and the third just recently in 2014 (Manual for measuring ICT.., 2017). The statistic demonstrated how much we as a†¦show more content†¦I’ve noticed that industries such as Victoria secret or Aerie, which are well known underwear companies never expose to show their underwear line on women of average. By that, I mean women who don’t ha ve a thigh gap and are considered by the fashion industry as fat. More and more 12-year-old girls are going on diets because they believe what you weigh determines what your worth. When all you see is a body type that only two percent of the population has, it’s difficult to remember what’s real and what’s reasonable to expect of yourself and everyone else (Cutler). Shame has been defined as a class name for a large family of emotions, ranging from social discomfort and embarrassment characterized by weak intensity and transitory duration to humiliation characterized by powerful intensity and long duration (Ã…slund, C., Starrin, B., Leppert, J., Nilsson, K. W., 2009). Body shaming caused by the media brings many psychological effects on young girls; depression, which can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, which are caused by viewing or feeling one is fat. When you combine the pressure to be like celebrity role models with the fact that bodies grow and change during puberty, it s not hard to see why some teens develop a negative view of themselves. Many people with eating disorders also can be depressed or anxious, or have other mental health problems such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (McCallum, K. 2010). Women more thanShow MoreRelatedMedia’s Influence on Children and Adolescents Essay examples574 Words   |  3 Pagessocial media, the present generation is â€Å"born† in it. By this statement, it is implied that children today are much closer to technology and media than adults are, and so, are more likely to be affected by it. Perhaps, the highest impact on the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development of children and adolescents is by media due to its ready availability through Smart phones, tablet PCs and other portable devices. This paper attempts to evaluate some of the influences of media on variousRead MoreEffects Of Children s Television On Language Development Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive development. The burgeoning years of language development are not only capricious and vulnerable in nature, but they are also easily influenced by external factors. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the effects of children’s television o n language development. Children’s television negatively impacts language development because it impedes word acquisition, delays language acquisition and negatively affects literacy outcomes. Educational television negatively impacts language developmentRead MoreThe Development Of A Child899 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States, children are required to receive a general education. Societies throughout history have improved the way they educate their citizens, and continue to improve today. As one observes the development of a child, he or she may discover that there are many factors that influence this development. For years, researchers have studied the process of learning and how it takes place. Many discoveries have been made on this topic, and they continue to come. Scientists have located methodsRead MoreChild Development Reflection Paper1332 Words   |  6 Pagestheories of child development, principles of growth and development, prenatal development, infancy, toddlerhood, three-four-and five years old, six-seven-and eight years old, middle childhood, adolescence: thirteen to nineteen years old, and where and when to seek help. I really enjoyed the adolescence: thirteen to nineteen years old chapter the most because, people tend to forget that even though they in high school their brains are still growing and still need guidance like on social media or how toRead MoreThe Effects Of Media And Screen Time Children On Children917 Words   |  4 Pagescomputers, and videogames for hours at a time. Environmental factors affect children in significant ways. The effects the media and sc reen time children are revealed to influence their physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Television and media can both hinder and encouraging their growth. It is important for guardians, caregivers, teachers, whomever has a child they look after or care for, to make accommodations to construct the best possible environment for children to flourish inRead MoreEssay On Touchscreen Media1479 Words   |  6 PagesCritically discuss the key arguments in the debate about the potential impact of touchscreen media use on young children’s development. Touchscreen media is a rapidly developing industry, such that most people use a touchscreen media device everyday (Cheung, Bedford, Saez de Urabain, Karmiloff-Smith Smith, 2017). Whilst touchscreen media is not a brand new phenomenon, it is ever-changing and constantly developing. Little research has been done to assess the longer-term developmental implicationsRead MoreIs Electronic Media Beneficial in Children’s Education? Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesIs Electronic Media beneficial in Children’s Education? Over the last decades, it is generally realized that the educational technology has developed dramatically. Electronic media has benefitted the system of education in an enormous way. Electronic media is the media which uses electronics or electromechanical energy for the audience to access the content. Video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, CD-ROM and online content are all forms of electronic media and any equipment usedRead MorePlay Station And Video Games1710 Words   |  7 Pagesyears old occupy the largest percentage of users. Today there is wide variety of games attributed to the advancement in technology. The report is a detailed documentation of the impact of gaming on children with references to recent scholarly articles. It also touches on other involved parties in the management of the media entertainment. Introduction The platform of electronic gaming dates back to 1971 that was in the form of arcade video games (Wolf, 2012). In the 1980s, video arcades and consoleRead MoreTechnology Devices Can Enhance Social Development For Children Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to determine whether technology devices can enhance social development for children in schools. This literature review summarises peer and non-peer reviewed literature nationally and internationally. I mainly researched data bases from Porirua Library. Outline: This literature review summarises peer and non-peer reviewed literature nationally and internationally. I mainly researched data bases from Porirua Library. Literature was gainedRead MoreEssay about Socio-Cultural Influences on Eating Disorders 1073 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent magazine covers and advertisements go a long way in influencing our choices† (Bagley). The media is highly affective to everyone, although they promote an improper image of living. Research proved says those with low self-esteem are most influenced by media. Media is not the only culprit behind eating disorders. However, that does not mean that they have no part in eating disorders. Media is omnipresent and challenging it can halt the constant pressure on people to be perfect (Bagley). Socio-cultural

Comparison of J2Ee and .Net - 2765 Words

INTRODUCTION Technological changes can put a company into turmoil. Multiple requirements need to be taken into consideration when deciding upon new technologies which include usability, functionality, performance and cost. When looking into the decision upon which platform to use within a business, the debate between using .NET and J2EE can be critical. Extensive research must be done to find out if currently used programs will work correctly with either platform or if new programs need to be put in use. .NET is very tightly integrated into Microsoft operating systems, so the decision needs to be made whether to have a Microsoft framework in place. J2EE will work on any operating system, but is more complex and its GUI environment is†¦show more content†¦Other technologies that are included in the J2EE platform include Java Server Pages (JSP) which allows for faster development and an environment that is easily maintained. It allows for the change of the outward appearance or design of a page without having to change the underlying dynamic content. Java Management Extensions (JMX) has multiple uses as it allows for the adaptation of legacy systems along with the implementation of new management and monitoring solutions. JMX provides the resources for the monitoring of devices, applications and service driven networks and defines the J2EE Management Model which has been designed to operate with various protocols and management systems. Other technologies included in the J2EE platform are: J2EE Connector Architecture which specifies architecture that is standard for accessing resources in diverse Enterprise Information Systems (EIS); J2EE Deployment API which enables the use of components and applications by defining the standard APIs; J2EE Authorization Contract for Containers defines new java.security.Permission classes which are needed to satisfy the J2EE authorization model; and Java API for XML Registries (JAXR) which uses a standard uniform way to use business registries that have been based on open or industry led specifications. SERVER REQUIREMENTS The J2EE platform requires specific server software in order to function as a web service and application server. The most basic requirements include the J2EEShow MoreRelatedResults And Analysis Essay1822 Words   |  8 Pagestools available in the software market. Although the core function of these tools is similar, they differ in functionality, features usability. Keeping in view the above mentioned aspect, we have selected three web performance testing tools for comparison which are Neoload, Loadimpact and Loadstorm. Experimental Setup The minimum requirements for experimental setup are windows 2000, an Intel Pentium 4 processor or later with memory 256MB and disk 16GB. The environment in which experiment is performedRead MoreMssql vs Mysql1775 Words   |  8 Pagescreating. It will also include here some of the important factors to consider a perfect database to be used in terms of their functional attributes that they could give for the users. Basically, the significance of this study is to come up with a comparison of each database servers and will enable to answer the questions that are popping in the minds of the future users and the importance of a right and appropriate tools to be used. It will also identify the complexity of between the when it comesRead MoreLinux Operating System (graduate level CIS term paper)5780 Words   |  24 Pagesreport from Forrester Research that showed that its cheaper to build enterprise applications with Windows and .Net then it is with Linux and J2EE. Who would have thought that a report paid for by Microsoft would say anything else? Forrester, realizing that this kind of research project was hurting its reputation, has decided to drop out of the paid for, publicized product comparisons business, according to Forrester CEO George Colony. That hasnt stopped Microsoft from continuing on its courseRead MoreOnline Auction System8956 Words   |  36 Pages Most elements take any of several common attributes: id, class, style and title. Most also take language-related attributes: language and dir. 2.2.1.3 ADVANTAGES The advantages include: ï‚ · A HTML document is small and hence easy to send over the net. It is small because it does not include formatted information. ï‚ · HTML is platform independent. ï‚ · HTML tags are not case-sensitive. 2.2.2 JavaScript JavaScript is a script-based programming language that was developed by Netscape CommunicationRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesHowever, it may take several instructions on one computer model to accomplish what one instruction can do on another computer model. Thus, the use of MIPS ratings has largely gone out of favor because of the â€Å"apples and oranges† nature of the comparisons of MIPS ratings across classes of computers. Another speed rating used is MegaFLOPS or MFLOPS—millions of floating point operations per second. These ratings are derived by running a particular set of programs in a particular language on the

Cambodian Genocide Essay free essay sample

A group known as the Khmer Rouge took control of the country in April 1975. Over the course of four years, many innocent people were killed in the hopes that it would lead towards one large society of peasants. Things like banks, medicine, and religions were outlawed. If you were a person with something of value, you were automatically a target for the Khmer Rouge. With the entire mass death happening, one could see bodies littered on the streets and floating down rivers. People would hang themselves so that they wouldn’t feel the wrath of the Khmer Rouge. Citizens were evacuated from all major cities and sent to work in labor camps similar to those used by the Nazi regime in Germany many years prior. Everything seemed to be working in favor of the Khmer Rouge. In the year 1979, the Vietnamese fin ally drove the Khmer Rouge out of Cambodia. As part of a peace agreement, the Khmer Rouge was granted control over a zone on the border of Thailand known as Pailin. In the early 70’s, there were many civil wars going on. One happening right in Cambodia while another was going on between the Communist North Vietnamese and the U. S. backed South Vietnamese. The Vietnam War soon spread onto Cambodian soil with the country harboring U. S. troops, airbases, barracks, and weapons caches. Cambodia maintained a neutral policy when it came towards the Vietnamese civil war, giving both sides equal support. American bombing and napalming of Viet Cong targets in Cambodia drove many to join a guerilla movement led by a man named Pol Pot. This communist movement, known as the Khmer Rouge, was the result of the people becoming angry with the U. S. forcing Cambodia into their conflict with Vietnam. This movement brought promises of hope and tranquility to Cambodia. Pol Pot’s forces had grown to well over 700,00 men by 1975. Out of all the chaos that was happening, the Khmer Rouge began taking full control of the country. With his movement finally in control, Pol Pot put into motion his plan for an agrarian utopia. Once the genocide started, it seemed like nothing to stop it. Everyone that appeared to be educated was executed. If you had glasses, you were killed. Braces, killed. If you had any type of formal education, you were killed. Citizens who could speak English, religious figures, and anybody opposed to the regime were executed. Everyone that was left was sent to work in Labor Camps. In similar fashion to the Nazis, the Khmer Rouge had people evacuate the cities into the countryside. Once there, you would be forced to work on the Rice fields Day and Night. The only people that were exempt from working were children who were not old enough to understand what was going on. From sunrise until sunset, work was expected without rest. Any sign of pain or weakness meant immediate death. To discourage any kind of revolt from the people, the Khmer Rouge separated everyone into different groups. Men in one group, women in another. Even the children were separated by gender and age as to not give the very young one any hope of seeing their families again. People were ordered out their houses so that the Khmer Rouge could convert them into bases of operation. Houses that weren’t being used as bases were instead being used as make shift orphanages. Besides having labor camps, Pol Pot used many prisons to get rid of many Cambodians. Out of 150 death camps spread across the country, the most famous is Tuol Sleng Prison, or S-21 as it is more commonly referred to. There are only 7 known survivors out of an estimated 14,00 total prisoners. The purpose for the prisons was to question and kill those that were opposed to the Khmer Rouge. Even people from Western and European nationalities were kept as criminals. Before being placed in cells, prisoners were photographed. They would then be tortured until a confession could be made about whatever crime they were charged with. These confessions and photographs were then sent to High-ranking officials in the Khmer Rouge as a confirmation that the â€Å"traitors† were eliminated. Those that were waiting for their time come had to endure many horrible things. Their legs were shackled onto iron bars placed around the room. Permission from the guards was needed to do things like adjust themselves while sleeping or even defecating into buckets that were provided for them. Bathing was merely opening a hose on a room filled with prisoners. Babies that were brought in were killed either by a Machete or by being thrown into walls and trees. Those who died in the S-21 prison were buried in mass graves outside the city. To this day there is no for sure number on how many lives were lost inside the prison walls since there was no clear record keeping done. Towards the end of 1978, Vietnam launched an attack on Cambodia that aimed to end the reign of the Khmer Rouge. In less than 2 weeks Pol pot and his regime fell. What was left of the Khmer Rouge fled into parts of Thailand. The Vietnamese then placed their own make shift government in control until Cambodia was able to bring itself back up from the ruins of Pol Pot’s destruction. For 17 years, Pol Pot maintained a war against the Cambodian government. A struggle for power within the Khmer Rouge forced Pol Pot down from his position as leader. Following his arrest in June 1997, Pol Pot dies of a heart attack before he could be put on trial for his crimes performed as leader of the Khmer Rouge. During the Cambodian genocide, people were forced out of their homes and put into labor camps. As a result thousands of people were tortured and killed. The practices of the Khmer Rouge have led to one of the most disturbing things to happen on this Earth. In the aftermath of what happened, Cambodia laid in ruins. The economy failed since all the engineers, technicians, and planners were killed off. Communist Vietnamese occupation meant that any kind of relief aid from western countries was not likely to be allowed. 10 years later, Vietnam finally pulled out of Cambodia, which gave the country a chance to try and fix its problems. In 1991, 20 years after the Cambodian Genocide had started, Cambodia finally reached a peace agreement and was able to hold its first true democratic elections 2 years later. To this day, many survivors of the whole ordeal are left with much sadness. Most families were broke up, either by the Khmer Rouge or by having been split up once refugees here in America. The survivors who were mere children during that time weren’t able to get back their lost childhood. Because of the large numbers of people that fled the Khmer Rouge into other countries, there are pockets of large Cambodian communities around the world. One such place is here in Long Beach, California. Despite everything that happened, the Cambodian people do their best to educate the world on what happened and do everything possible to bring the light the tragedy that occurred in their homeland.

The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker Analysis Essay Example For Students

The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker Analysis Essay The story Everyday Use, is being told by a mother who describes herself as a big boned woman, with a second grade education. She had always had to do the work of a man to provide for her family. A mother of two girls with different views on the family culture. Dee, a light skinned girl with nice hair and a full figure. Dee has always scorned the way the family lived. She comes home to visit and wants to take back some of the family heritage, such as Grandma Dees quilts. Maggie, a dark skinned, slim and shy girl, who has never been away from home. Maggie has a different love for the family heritage she will continue to carry it on, like quilting. While Dee and Maggie lived in the same house growing up, they have different believes about their heritage. Two women sat in the yard awaiting a visit from the older daughter, Dee, and a man who may are may not be husband. Dee, was very hard on the familys way of life, has gone to college and now seems to be a distant memory. Her mother imagines of being reunited with her daughter on television. She visions the perfect reunion someone would tell her what a fine daughter she has raised. Dee would come out in tears embracing her mother and pinning and orchid on her dress. Maggie, who is not bright and bears scars from a server house fire many years ago still, remains intimidated by her glamorous sibling. We will write a custom essay on The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Her mother was astonished; Dee arrive wearing an ankle-length, gold and orange dress, bracelets and gold earrings hanging down to her shoulders. Her hair it stand straight up like hair the wool on a sheepWalker 283. Dee greets her family with a Swahili good morning. Her companion offers a Muslim greeting and tries to show Maggie a ceremonial handshake that she does not understand. Dee mother tried to start a conversation with Dee by calling her name. Dee explain that shes change her name to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, because I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress meWalker 283. Wangero mother attempted to explain to her how far back her name go into the family history. Dee had been embarrass of her mothers house and possessions when she was younger the mother believe she was happy when the old house burn down, but now she seem to be happy with the old way of life. With her newfound joy with her cultural heritage, she takes photographs of the house, including her mom, sister, and a wandering cow. Dee, while eating, remembered she wanted to ask her mother if she could have the butter churn top whittled by her Uncle Buddy, do she may use it as a centerpiece for her table. Dee, after getting the churn top, she then ask for the dasher. Now her attention turns to a trunk at the  foot of her mothers bed. After she goes through the trunk, she returns with two quilts. The quilts become symbolic of the storys theme; in a sense, they represent the past of the women in the familyMaster Plots 733. Dee asks if she can have the quilts. Maggie in disbelief that Dee asked for the quilts slammed the kitchen door. The mother offers some other quilts that were in the trunk to her, she refused because the quilts because they were made with a machine. Then she tells Dee that she had promised the quilts to Maggie a wedding present. Dee tells her mother that Maggie would not appreciate the quilts and that she would use them in everyday use. Dees mother says she hope Maggie would use the quilts. The two sisters values concerning the quilt represent the two meaning approaches to art appreciation in our society. Art can be valued for financial and aesthetic reasons, or it can be valued for personal and emotional reasonsJokinen

Karma Essay Example

Karma Essay Example Karma Essay Karma Essay Karma Karma moves in two directions. If we act virtuously, the seed we plant will result in happiness. If we act non-virtuously suffering results, said Saying Mayhap. I believe that Karma does exist and if you act a certain way towards others and yourself it will reflect on whats going to happen to you in the future. I believe that all your actions have an outcome whether they are good or bad. I think that if an individual believes in Karma they think things through more carefully and have more of a responsibility to act respectful towards other people. Karma has had a direct impact in my life. Eve seen this directly affect me in areas of hard work, respect, honesty and friendship. A hard worker is one who is industrious and diligent in carrying out tasks and duties. I believe that my dad is a very hard worker and everything that he has done throughout his life has gotten him to where he is today. My dad is the type of person who doesnt give up and finishes what he starts without hesitation. In this situation, my dads Karma is obvious; he works hard for what he wants, he doesnt expect hinges to be handed to him and in return his hard work has provided a beautiful home, a cabin up north, and a secure life for our family and a future for him and my mom in their retirement. I admire his work ethic and know that everything he has earned is because of his hard work. As I grew up as a kid I was raised to have respect for my peers, authority, and myself. I learned that once you give respect to someone, they give you respect back. When I was in high school there seemed to be more drama than usual. It Just so happened that this group of girls didnt like me. They were always rude, said mean things and didnt think before they spoke and I was often hurt by their remarks. Although I wanted to say things back to them Just so they could hurt like they were hurting me, I remembered the saying, what goes around, comes around and I wanted to be the bigger person and not say anything to them at all and Just let it go. I believed in Karma enough Just to keep my negative words to myself and continue to work at being kind. I knew that one day they would feel the way that they made me feel and my hope was they would learn to respect people the way they should. Being an honest person is always the best thing to do. I was also raised to be honest about things and not lie. If I ever did anything wrong, I was told to admit my wrong doing, apologize, and move on. One day my mom had bought new coasters for our tables in the basement. She was so excited because they matched really well. I had my friend Adrian over and we were messing around and I had fell into the table and the coasters fell onto the cement and broke. I hurried up to get the pieces to horror them in the trash, but then I thought about it and decided that lying wasnt worth getting in trouble for because it would come back ten times worse. When I had told my mom the truth, she wasnt mad that I had broken them and she was proud of me for telling the truth. For a teenager friendship is one of the most important things. You always want someone who is going to be reliable, honest and trustworthy. I thought I had that type AT Eternal out I was proved wrong. One clay something Log napped to me Ana I had to tell one of my best friends about it. When I told her my secret I asked that she didnt tell anyone and of course she agreed and said yes, so I believed her. A few weeks later the secret I had told her came right back to me from other people. I felt betrayed because I had so much trust into this person and she told people about what happened to me. I decided that I couldnt trust her anymore so I wasnt going to be her friend. I believe that Karma affected her because she lost a friend over something she knew she shouldnt have done. Also because now people know that he is not very trustworthy so it will take her a long time to earn anyones trust. I believe that Karma will affect everyone at some point in their lives. Although many people believe that is it the underhanded people or dishonest people that get what they want but I disagree and believe that they will get what they deserve. People who lie and cheat the system will always get caught. People, who treat others badly, will also get treated that way and people who disrespect others will inevitably be disrespected. Nothing is ever free or easy and Karma can either be your friend or your enemy.

Cantonese opera Essay Example for Free

Cantonese opera Essay Most foreign people know what Bejing opera is, but Chinese national Opera has a long history and 275 species of Chinese operas have been saved, there are a wide range of operas were not extended yet, Cantonese opera is very popular in the south of China, many Chinese people prefer Cantonese opera to Beijing Opera. The biggest difference between Beijing Opera and Cantonese Opera is language, the Beijing Opera use Mandarin, the Cantonese Opera use Cantonese. Cantonese opera is local opera in Han Dynasty is formerly known as drama or Guangdong opera from the Southern Opera. Cantonese opera began to appear in Guangdong, Guangxi from AD 1522 to 1566 (Ming Dynasty Jiajing) included singing, read, hit musicians ,soundtrack, stage costumes, The abstract body performing arts. Each Cantonese opera role has its own unique costumes dress. The initial performance’ language is Zhongyuan phonological, also called matshed Mandarin. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the intellectuals changed the opera language to Guangzhou language in order to facilitate their revolution, also aimed to make Cantonese understand easier. Cantonese opera ranked into national intangible cultural heritage on May 20, 2006. The UNESCO add Cantonese opera in the human intangible cultural heritage list on September 30, 2009. Cantonese opera originated in the Chinese folk songs which called Qi folk songs, the earliest folk songs can be traced back to the â€Å"Book of Songs† from pre-Qin Dynasty, but this is the common origin of all Chinese opera, such as Beijing opera, Cantonese opera, class opera, Shanghai opera, Shaoxing opera, and Huangmei opera. The stage art style is impressionistic. The scenery is simple, the play provides situational by virtual performance program, or write captions on board like â€Å"riverside†, â€Å"alpine† instead of stage background. Performances who in the city called â€Å"GD-HK† learned drama, opera and movies to improved their performance and made theme reflect contemporary life. Later, people Change falsetto into true voice in Cantonese opera. The men sing like relatively stable, low; women sing like very delicate and mellow. As some Cantonese opera are very favorite in new media, these famous Cantonese opera has recomposed in movies, TV series, dramas, and music. For example, â€Å"Princess Chang Ping† Purple Hairpin â€Å"† Peony Pavilion â€Å",† Gemini worship the Moon, â€Å"† The Reincarnation of Hongmei mind â€Å"† Butterfly and Red Pear â€Å"Hanada Baxi Xiangluo Otsuka â€Å"Red Cherry broken heart† â€Å"A Dry White Begonia Red,† â€Å"A Dream of Red Mansions† the Sanxiao marriage â€Å"† White Rabbit â€Å"Guizhi complain† Dou E Yuan â€Å"(also known as† June Feishuang â€Å"or† June Snow â€Å"), also included the first national intangible cultural heritage â€Å"Butterfly Lovers†. Cantonese opera. (2017, Jan 10).

Medical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Research - Essay Example They do not include seemingly important information such as the brand of vitamins the study subjects were taking, what type and severity of diabetes the mothers of the infants had, and the like. Other than that, it appears that all results were reported. The information is aged, so there is a good chance this study acted to plant a seed in getting women to take nutritional supplements, especially if they had been diagnosed as being diabetic and was pregnant. According to the study, the results concluded that mothers with diabetes had an increased risk of having children with birth defects. This occurred only with those mothers who had failed to take multivitamins while they were pregnant. Those mothers who had diabetes and took multivitamins while they were pregnant did not show an increase for the risk of birth defects. This leads to the conclusion that the use of multivitamins during pregnancy may reduce the chances that a mother with diabetes will give birth to a child with birth defects (Correa, 2003). The conclusion, which is listed as the last sentence in the paragraph above, is appropriate to the results. Furthermore, the conclusion that was reached was supported by the data that was presented in the tables that came along with the research study. A discussion of implications is included near the results section of the study and is larger than the results section itself. The study does not discuss future research, but does refer a lot back to prior research that has been conducted on the topic in past research studies of a similar type (Correa, 2003). There is one point that appears in Table 5 that the authors fail to mention, but that is interesting and worthy of noting. Women without diabetes who took multivitamins during pregnancy had a 120/424 chance of giving birth to a child with birth defects. This is particularly noteworthy since the subjects for the study were selected on the basis of having birth defects, but the control group did not have diabetes while the rest of the mothers did (Correa, 2003). LIMITATIONS The authors do discuss limitations of the trial in the discussion section. They claim that the information regarding the status of diabetes and the taking of multivitamins were taken from the mother's words instead of produced in the study. Therefore, it could not be verified or detailed. This means that, in the study, they could not distinguish between type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes or see if that affected the study outcomes in any way (Correa, 2003). The authors did strongly attempt to give a justification for these limitations. Although limitations may seem purely negative in nature, that is not necessarily the case. They can give great ideas for those who plan on conducting